American
College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 美國運動醫學會
Physical fitness has been defined in several
ways, but the generally accepted definition is the ability to carry out daily tasks
with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy
leisure-time pursuits and meet unforeseen emergencies. Physical fitness is
composed of various elements that can be further grouped into health-related and
skill-related components which are defined in Box 1.
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Box 1.
Health-Related
and Skill-Related Components of Physical Fitness Health-Related
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Physical Fitness Components
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1.
Cardiorespiratory
endurance: the ability of the circulatory and
respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity
2.
Body
composition: the relative amounts of muscle, fat,
bone, and other vital parts of the body
3.
Muscular
strength: the ability of muscle to exert force
4.
Muscular
endurance: the ability of muscle to continue to
perform without fatigue
5. Flexibility: the range
of motion available at a joint
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Skill-Related Physical Fitness Components
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1.
Agility: the ability to change the position of the body in space with
speed and accuracy
2.
Coordination: the ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing,
together with body parts in performing tasks smoothly and accurately
3.
Balance: the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving
4.
Power: the ability or rate at which one can perform work
5.
Reaction
time: the time elapsed between stimulation and the
beginning of the reaction to it
6. Speed: the ability to
perform a movement within a short period of time
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"physical fitness"[All Fields] AND (older[All Fields] OR ("aged"[MeSH Terms] OR "aged"[All Fields] OR "elderly"[All Fields]))
1. 於老年人
(1) Physical
fitness is a set of attributes that people have—or can—achieve, and physical
activity is related to the movements that people perform(Caspersen et al.,
1985).
(2) The
components of physical fitness, such as muscle strength,
aerobic endurance, flexibility,
body composition, dynamic
balance, and agility, were assessed by
using the Senior Fitness Test (Rikli & Jones, 2013).
(3) Both
levels of fitness (aerobic power, strength, flexibility
and functional capability) and measures of
physical activity involvement decline with age, and the extent to which this is
due to a biological ageing processes or disuse (physical inactivity) is
critically examined (Taylor et al., 2004).
2. 於中風
Physical
fitness describes a set of physiological attributes that a person has or
achieves, which confers the ability to perform physical activities with the range
from day‐to‐day tasks to leisure activities, without
undue fatigue. The most important components of physical fitness are those
responsible for muscular work, as follows
Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability to transport and
use oxygen and is usually expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max).
Cardiorespiratory fitness confers 'endurance', that is the ability to perform
physical activity for an extended period.
Muscle strength refers to the ability of a specific muscle or muscle group to exert force. Strength is associated with the ability to perform forceful movements such as pushing or lifting.
Muscle strength refers to the ability of a specific muscle or muscle group to exert force. Strength is associated with the ability to perform forceful movements such as pushing or lifting.
Muscle power refers to the rate at which muscular work
can be performed during a single explosive contraction. Power is associated
with the ability to carry out forceful movements, in particular those that are
dynamic.
In addition, other components of fitness
can influence the ability to perform physical activities, including flexibility (range of motion about a specific joint),
balance (ability to maintain stability and
posture), and body composition (for example
relative amounts of fat and fat‐free
mass) (Saunders et al., 2016)
3. 於15–16
years正常年輕人
Fitness
was measured by sit‐ups, sit‐and‐reach, five‐jump, back‐and‐forth jumping, ball
skills, coordination and endurance shuttle run tests (Fogelholm, Stigman, Huisman, & Metsämuuronen,
2008).
4.
於精神疾患
This
approach has several advantages. For instance, whilst physical fitness and
physical activity indicates that physical fitness is a mediator of the effects
physical activity on health outcomes (Bouchard, Shepard, Stephens, Sutton,
& McPherson, 1990). Also, physical fitness is a relatively static parameter
compared to physical activity and can
be more reliably captured by a single objective
measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (Tacchi, Heggelund, & Scott, 2019).
參考文獻
Bouchard,
C., Shepard, R. J., Stephens, T., Sutton, J. R., & McPherson, B. D. (1990).
Exercise, fitness, and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
Fogelholm, M.,
Stigman, S., Huisman, T., & Metsämuuronen, J. (2008). Physical fitness in
adolescents with normal weight and overweight. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(2),
162-170. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00685.x
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (2013). Development and validation
of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining
physical independence in later years. Gerontologist,
53(2), 255-267. doi:10.1093/geront/gns071
Saunders, D. H., Sanderson, M., Hayes, S., Kilrane, M., Greig, C.
A., Brazzelli, M., & Mead, G. E. (2016). Physical fitness training for
stroke patients. The Cochrane database of
systematic reviews, 3(3), CD003316-CD003316.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003316.pub6
Tacchi, M. J., Heggelund, J., & Scott, J. (2019). Predictive
validity of objective measures of physical fitness for the new onset of mental
disorders in adolescents and young adults. Early
Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(6), 1310-1318. doi:10.1111/eip.12783
Taylor, A. H., Cable, N. T., Faulkner, G., Hillsdon, M., Narici, M.,
& Van Der Bij, A. K. (2004). Physical activity and older adults: a review
of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. J Sports Sci, 22(8), 703-725. doi:10.1080/02640410410001712421
