老人家的體適能定義

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) 美國運動醫學會

Physical fitness has been defined in several ways, but the generally accepted definition is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and meet unforeseen emergencies. Physical fitness is composed of various elements that can be further grouped into health-related and skill-related components which are defined in Box 1.

Box 1. Health-Related and Skill-Related Components of Physical Fitness Health-Related

Physical Fitness Components

1.    Cardiorespiratory endurance: the ability of the circulatory and respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity 2.    Body composition: the relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body 3.    Muscular strength: the ability of muscle to exert force 4.   Muscular endurance: the ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue 5.   Flexibility: the range of motion available at a joint

Skill-Related Physical Fitness Components

1.   Agility: the ability to change the position of the body in space with speed and accuracy 2.    Coordination: the ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with body parts in performing tasks smoothly and accurately 3.    Balance: the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving 4.    Power: the ability or rate at which one can perform work 5.    Reaction time: the time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to it 6.   Speed: the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time

使用pubmed搜尋

"physical fitness"[All Fields] AND (older[All Fields] OR ("aged"[MeSH Terms] OR "aged"[All Fields] OR "elderly"[All Fields]))

 

1.   於老年人

(1)      Physical fitness is a set of attributes that people have—or can—achieve, and physical activity is related to the movements that people perform(Caspersen et al., 1985).

(2)      The components of physical fitness, such as muscle strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, body composition, dynamic balance, and agility, were assessed by using the Senior Fitness Test (Rikli & Jones, 2013).

(3)      Both levels of fitness (aerobic power, strength, flexibility and functional capability) and measures of physical activity involvement decline with age, and the extent to which this is due to a biological ageing processes or disuse (physical inactivity) is critically examined (Taylor et al., 2004).

2.   於中風

Physical fitness describes a set of physiological attributes that a person has or achieves, which confers the ability to perform physical activities with the range from day‐to‐day tasks to leisure activities, without undue fatigue. The most important components of physical fitness are those responsible for muscular work, as follows

Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability to transport and use oxygen and is usually expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max). Cardiorespiratory fitness confers 'endurance', that is the ability to perform physical activity for an extended period.
Muscle strength refers to the ability of a specific muscle or muscle group to exert force. Strength is associated with the ability to perform forceful movements such as pushing or lifting.

 Muscle power refers to the rate at which muscular work can be performed during a single explosive contraction. Power is associated with the ability to carry out forceful movements, in particular those that are dynamic.

In addition, other components of fitness can influence the ability to perform physical activities, including flexibility (range of motion about a specific joint), balance (ability to maintain stability and posture), and body composition (for example relative amounts of fat and fat‐free mass) (Saunders et al., 2016)

3.   於15–16 years正常年輕人

Fitness was measured by sit‐ups, sit‐and‐reach, five‐jump, back‐and‐forth jumping, ball skills, coordination and endurance shuttle run tests (Fogelholm, Stigman, Huisman, & Metsämuuronen, 2008).

4. 於精神疾患

This approach has several advantages. For instance, whilst physical fitness and physical activity indicates that physical fitness is a mediator of the effects physical activity on health outcomes (Bouchard, Shepard, Stephens, Sutton, & McPherson, 1990). Also, physical fitness is a relatively static parameter compared to physical activity and can be more reliably captured by a single objective measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (Tacchi, Heggelund, & Scott, 2019).

參考文獻

Bouchard, C., Shepard, R. J., Stephens, T., Sutton, J. R., & McPherson, B. D. (1990). Exercise, fitness, and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.

Fogelholm, M., Stigman, S., Huisman, T., & Metsämuuronen, J. (2008). Physical fitness in adolescents with normal weight and overweight. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(2), 162-170. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00685.x

Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (2013). Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years. Gerontologist, 53(2), 255-267. doi:10.1093/geront/gns071

Saunders, D. H., Sanderson, M., Hayes, S., Kilrane, M., Greig, C. A., Brazzelli, M., & Mead, G. E. (2016). Physical fitness training for stroke patients. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3(3), CD003316-CD003316. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003316.pub6

Tacchi, M. J., Heggelund, J., & Scott, J. (2019). Predictive validity of objective measures of physical fitness for the new onset of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(6), 1310-1318. doi:10.1111/eip.12783

Taylor, A. H., Cable, N. T., Faulkner, G., Hillsdon, M., Narici, M., & Van Der Bij, A. K. (2004). Physical activity and older adults: a review of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. J Sports Sci, 22(8), 703-725. doi:10.1080/02640410410001712421

 Box 1.網站: Benefits and Risks Associated with 1 Physical Activity CHAPTER